10.11 Particulate Matter and Air Filtration

10.11 颗粒物与空气过滤

English（英文原文）	中文（中文翻译）
As discussed in Chapter 9: Materials and Resources, some ingredients in building materials are known to be hazardous both in the short-term (e.g., VOCs triggering a headache) and in the long-term (e.g., radon exposure increasing lung cancer risks).	如第9章：材料与资源中所讨论的，建筑材料中的某些成分已知在短期内（如VOCs引发头痛）和长期内（如氡暴露增加肺癌风险）都具有危害。
While specific chemicals are known to be harmful, the complete picture of IAQ is more complicated because of the complex mixture of many different contaminants in the air. Even if the air does not contain a high level of a specific known health hazard, the mixture of many contaminants together can still pose a risk.	虽然已知某些特定化学物质有害，但由于空气中多种不同污染物的复杂混合，室内空气质量的全貌更为复杂。即使空气中不包含高浓度的某种特定已知健康危害物，许多污染物混合在一起仍然可能带来风险。
Pollutants come in many forms, shapes, and sizes and can circulate indoors as a chemically reactive mixture called particulate matter (PM), which is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in both indoor and outdoor air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large enough or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small that they can only be detected using an electron microscope.	污染物以多种形式、形状和大小存在，可以在室内以化学活性混合物形式循环，称为颗粒物（PM），是存在于室内和室外空气中的固体颗粒和液滴的混合物。一些颗粒（如灰尘、污垢、煤烟或烟雾）大到或深到肉眼可见。其他颗粒则非常小，只能用电子显微镜检测。
Examples of what indoor PM may contain:	室内颗粒物可能含有的物质示例：
• Heavy metals	• 重金属
• Mold spores	• 霉菌孢子
• Dust mites	• 尘螨
• Combustion byproducts	• 燃烧副产物
• Pest droppings	• 害虫排泄物
• Industrial chemicals	• 工业化学品
Smaller particles are the most concerning because they can travel deeper into the lungs than larger particles. Research has connected PM2.5, which refers to aerosol particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, with the worst health impacts from air pollution, including heart problems, decreased lung function, and premature death in people who had a pre-existing heart or lung disease.	较小的颗粒最为令人担忧，因为它们能够比大颗粒深入肺部。研究已将PM2.5（即直径小于或等于2.5微米的气溶胶颗粒）与空气污染最严重的健康影响联系起来，包括心脏问题、肺功能下降以及患有既往心脏或肺部疾病人群的过早死亡。
Green Building Strategies	绿色建筑策略
Green buildings implement strategies to reduce exposure to PM. Once again, avoiding the introduction of pollutants (source control) is the most effective approach. But it is not possible to avoid all sources of pollution. Therefore, green buildings also rely on filtration to remove PM.	绿色建筑实施策略以减少对颗粒物的暴露。同样，避免污染物的引入（源头控制）是最有效的方法。但完全避免所有污染源是不可能的。因此，绿色建筑也依靠过滤来去除颗粒物。
Air filters are rated based on their effectiveness at removing particles of different sizes. In North America, minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) ratings grade filters from 1 to 16 (with higher being better) at how effective they are at capturing particles of all sizes. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are even more effective than MERV 16 filters but are used in portable air cleaners rather than central HVAC systems.	空气过滤器按其去除不同尺寸颗粒的有效性进行评级。在北美，最低效率报告值（MERV）等级将过滤器的颗粒捕获效果从1到16进行分级（数字越高效果越好）。高效微粒空气（HEPA）过滤器比MERV 16过滤器更有效，但用于便携式空气净化器而非中央暖通空调系统。

English（英文原文）

中文（中文翻译）

As discussed in Chapter 9: Materials and Resources, some ingredients in building materials are known to be hazardous both in the short-term (e.g., VOCs triggering a headache) and in the long-term (e.g., radon exposure increasing lung cancer risks).

如第9章：材料与资源中所讨论的，建筑材料中的某些成分已知在短期内（如VOCs引发头痛）和长期内（如氡暴露增加肺癌风险）都具有危害。

While specific chemicals are known to be harmful, the complete picture of IAQ is more complicated because of the complex mixture of many different contaminants in the air. Even if the air does not contain a high level of a specific known health hazard, the mixture of many contaminants together can still pose a risk.

虽然已知某些特定化学物质有害，但由于空气中多种不同污染物的复杂混合，室内空气质量的全貌更为复杂。即使空气中不包含高浓度的某种特定已知健康危害物，许多污染物混合在一起仍然可能带来风险。

Pollutants come in many forms, shapes, and sizes and can circulate indoors as a chemically reactive mixture called particulate matter (PM), which is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in both indoor and outdoor air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large enough or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small that they can only be detected using an electron microscope.

污染物以多种形式、形状和大小存在，可以在室内以化学活性混合物形式循环，称为颗粒物（PM），是存在于室内和室外空气中的固体颗粒和液滴的混合物。一些颗粒（如灰尘、污垢、煤烟或烟雾）大到或深到肉眼可见。其他颗粒则非常小，只能用电子显微镜检测。

Examples of what indoor PM may contain:

室内颗粒物可能含有的物质示例：

• Heavy metals

• 重金属

• Mold spores

• 霉菌孢子

• Dust mites

• 尘螨

• Combustion byproducts

• 燃烧副产物

• Pest droppings

• 害虫排泄物

• Industrial chemicals

• 工业化学品

Smaller particles are the most concerning because they can travel deeper into the lungs than larger particles. Research has connected PM2.5, which refers to aerosol particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, with the worst health impacts from air pollution, including heart problems, decreased lung function, and premature death in people who had a pre-existing heart or lung disease.

较小的颗粒最为令人担忧，因为它们能够比大颗粒深入肺部。研究已将PM2.5（即直径小于或等于2.5微米的气溶胶颗粒）与空气污染最严重的健康影响联系起来，包括心脏问题、肺功能下降以及患有既往心脏或肺部疾病人群的过早死亡。

Green Building Strategies

绿色建筑策略

Green buildings implement strategies to reduce exposure to PM. Once again, avoiding the introduction of pollutants (source control) is the most effective approach. But it is not possible to avoid all sources of pollution. Therefore, green buildings also rely on filtration to remove PM.

绿色建筑实施策略以减少对颗粒物的暴露。同样，避免污染物的引入（源头控制）是最有效的方法。但完全避免所有污染源是不可能的。因此，绿色建筑也依靠过滤来去除颗粒物。

Air filters are rated based on their effectiveness at removing particles of different sizes. In North America, minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) ratings grade filters from 1 to 16 (with higher being better) at how effective they are at capturing particles of all sizes. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are even more effective than MERV 16 filters but are used in portable air cleaners rather than central HVAC systems.

空气过滤器按其去除不同尺寸颗粒的有效性进行评级。在北美，最低效率报告值（MERV）等级将过滤器的颗粒捕获效果从1到16进行分级（数字越高效果越好）。高效微粒空气（HEPA）过滤器比MERV 16过滤器更有效，但用于便携式空气净化器而非中央暖通空调系统。